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https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/742
Conclusion
In the literature there is a growing number of papers mentioning a negative relation between mental health and a vegan/vegetarian diet; this particularly holds for a relation between vegan/vegetarian diet and depression. In most studies, it is unclear if a plant-based diet leads to depression or other mental problems, or if people with mental issues choose a vegan/vegetarian diet more often. It is possible that people who are vulnerable for depression, anxiety and stress are more concerned about their own well-being, health and the fate of the Earth, and therefore make a more conscious choice of diet.
Although many relations have been found, it is good to emphasize that a large number of these studies suffer from methodological limitations. Most are cohort studies or cross-sectional studies, in which no causal relation can established. In a recent study, data of several studies were pooled and no association was found between vegetarian diet and depression (pooled data of 10 studies) and also no association between vegetarian diet and anxiety either (pooled data of 4 studies) [65].
Another recent study shows that reviewing methodology matters. In this study, where the conclusions of different reviews about the effects of diets on depression are compared, it is shown that narrative reviews come to stronger conclusions than systematic reviews with and without meta-analyses [66]. Authors’ selection bias and differences in a priori assumptions for the meta-analyses may also play a role. For more robust conclusions clinical RCT trials are needed.
Some reasons (other than ethical, religious, animal welfare or health) for the growing popularity of plant-based diets are climate change and high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Meat consumption is a major contributor to global warming. Looking for plant-based alternatives as a resource of proteins instead of animal foods is claimed as an attractive alternative. This can lead to a reduction in the use of arable land, nitrogen fertilizer, water and GHG emissions and therefore can lead to improved public health [67]. But there are other factors than proteins in food that are important for physical, and mental health (as discussed in this chapter). In a small minority of people in Europe and the US environmental motives become a more popular choice, especially under young females, for the reduction of meat consumption [68].
A possible solution besides a plant-based diet could be the use of cultured meat (in vitro from animal cells), which can address the ethical, environmental and some psychological disadvantages of conventional meat production. This is a rather new area in food production, far from large scale production or social acceptance, but it might contribute to removing many drawbacks of current meat production in the future [69].
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/742
Conclusion
In the literature there is a growing number of papers mentioning a negative relation between mental health and a vegan/vegetarian diet; this particularly holds for a relation between vegan/vegetarian diet and depression. In most studies, it is unclear if a plant-based diet leads to depression or other mental problems, or if people with mental issues choose a vegan/vegetarian diet more often. It is possible that people who are vulnerable for depression, anxiety and stress are more concerned about their own well-being, health and the fate of the Earth, and therefore make a more conscious choice of diet.
Although many relations have been found, it is good to emphasize that a large number of these studies suffer from methodological limitations. Most are cohort studies or cross-sectional studies, in which no causal relation can established. In a recent study, data of several studies were pooled and no association was found between vegetarian diet and depression (pooled data of 10 studies) and also no association between vegetarian diet and anxiety either (pooled data of 4 studies) [65].
Another recent study shows that reviewing methodology matters. In this study, where the conclusions of different reviews about the effects of diets on depression are compared, it is shown that narrative reviews come to stronger conclusions than systematic reviews with and without meta-analyses [66]. Authors’ selection bias and differences in a priori assumptions for the meta-analyses may also play a role. For more robust conclusions clinical RCT trials are needed.
Some reasons (other than ethical, religious, animal welfare or health) for the growing popularity of plant-based diets are climate change and high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Meat consumption is a major contributor to global warming. Looking for plant-based alternatives as a resource of proteins instead of animal foods is claimed as an attractive alternative. This can lead to a reduction in the use of arable land, nitrogen fertilizer, water and GHG emissions and therefore can lead to improved public health [67]. But there are other factors than proteins in food that are important for physical, and mental health (as discussed in this chapter). In a small minority of people in Europe and the US environmental motives become a more popular choice, especially under young females, for the reduction of meat consumption [68].
A possible solution besides a plant-based diet could be the use of cultured meat (in vitro from animal cells), which can address the ethical, environmental and some psychological disadvantages of conventional meat production. This is a rather new area in food production, far from large scale production or social acceptance, but it might contribute to removing many drawbacks of current meat production in the future [69].
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